Why does torrent take so long to download

In the BitTorrent file distribution system, a torrent file or meta-info file is a computer file that contains metadata about files and folders to be distributed, and usually also a list of the network locations of trackers, which are computers that help participants in the system find each other and form efficient distribution groups called swarms.^[1] A torrent file does not contain the content to be distributed; it only contains information about those files, such as their names, folder structure, and sizes obtained via cryptographic hash values for verifying file integrity. The term torrent may refer either to the metadata file or to the files downloaded, depending on the context.

A torrent file acts like a table of contents (index) that allows computers to find information through the use of a Bittorrent client. A torrent file gives addresses identifying computers that can send parts of the requested file. With the help of a torrent file, one can download small parts of the original file from computers that have already downloaded it. These "peers" allow for downloading of the file in addition to, or in place of, the primary server.

Torrent files are normally named with the extension ".torrent".

Torrent files themselves and the method of using torrent files have been created to ease the load on central servers, as instead of sending a file to for request, it can crowd-source the bandwidth needed for the file transfer, and reduce the time needed to download large files. Many free/freeware programs and operating systems, such as the various Linux distributions and GIMP, offer a torrent download option for users seeking the aforementioned benefits. Other large downloads, such as media files, are often torrented as well.

Background[edit]

Typically, Internet access is asymmetrical, supporting greater download speeds than upload speeds, limiting the bandwidth of each download, and sometimes enforcing bandwidth caps and periods where systems are not accessible. This creates inefficiency when many people want to obtain the same set of files from a single source; the source must always be online and must have massive outbound bandwidth. The BitTorrent protocol addresses this by decentralizing the distribution, leveraging the ability of people to network "peer-to-peer", among themselves.

Each file to be distributed is divided into small information chunks called pieces. Downloading peers achieve high download speeds by requesting multiple pieces from different computers simultaneously in the swarm. Once obtained, these pieces are usually immediately made available for download by others in the swarm. In this way, the burden on the network is spread among the downloaders, rather than concentrating at a central distribution hub or cluster. As long as all the pieces are available, peers (downloaders and uploaders) can come and go; no one peer needs to have all the chunks, or to even stay connected to the swarm in order for distribution to continue among the other peers.

A small torrent file is created to represent a file or folder to be shared. The torrent file acts as the key to initiating downloading of the actual content. Someone interested in receiving the shared file or folder first obtains the corresponding torrent file, either by directly downloading it, or by using a magnet link. The user then opens that file in a BitTorrent client, which automates the rest of the process. In order to learn the Internet locations of peers which may be sharing pieces, the client connects to the trackers named in the torrent file, and/or achieves a similar result through the use of distributed hash tables. Then the client connects directly to the peers in order to request pieces and otherwise participate in a swarm. The client may also report progress to trackers, to help the tracker with its peer recommendations.

When the client has all the pieces, the BitTorrent client assemble them into a usable form. They may also continue sharing the pieces, elevating its status to that of seeder rather than ordinary peer.

File structure[edit]

A torrent file contains a list of files and integrity metadata about all the pieces, and optionally contains a list of trackers.

A torrent file is a bencodeddictionary with the following keys (the keys in any bencoded dictionary are lexicographically ordered):

• —the URL of the tracker
• —this maps to a dictionary whose keys are dependent on whether one or more files are being shared:
  • —a list of dictionaries each corresponding to a file (only when multiple files are being shared). Each dictionary has the following keys:
    • —size of the file in bytes.
    • —a list of strings corresponding to subdirectory names, the last of which is the actual file name
  • —size of the file in bytes (only when one file is being shared)
  • —suggested filename where the file is to be saved (if one file)/suggested directory name where the files are to be saved (if multiple files)
  • —number of bytes per piece. This is commonly 2⁸ KiB = 256 KiB = 262,144 B.
  • —a hash list, i.e., a concatenation of each piece's SHA-1 hash. As SHA-1 returns a 160-bit hash, will be a string whose length is a multiple of 20 bytes. If the torrent contains multiple files, the pieces are formed by concatenating the files in the order they appear in the dictionary (i.e. all pieces in the torrent are the full piece length except for the last piece, which may be shorter).

All strings must be UTF-8 encoded, except for , which contains binary data.

A torrent is uniquely identified by an infohash, a SHA-1 hash calculated over the contents of the dictionary in bencode form. Changes to other portions of the torrent does not affect the hash. This hash is used to identify the torrent to other peers via DHT and to the tracker. It is also used in magnet links.

Extensions[edit]

A torrent file can also contain additional metadata defined in extensions to the BitTorrent specification.^[2] These are known as "BitTorrent Enhancement Proposals." Examples of such proposals include metadata for stating who created the torrent, and when.

Draft extensions[edit]

These extensions are under consideration for standardization.

Distributed hash tables[edit]

BEP-0005^[3] extends BitTorrent to support distributed hash tables.

A trackerless torrent dictionary does not have an key. Instead, a trackerless torrent has a key:

For example,

The specification recommends that "should be set to the K closest nodes in the torrent generating client's routing table. Alternatively, the key could be set to a known good node such as one operated by the person generating the torrent."

Multiple trackers[edit]

BEP-0012^[4] extends BitTorrent to support multiple trackers.

A new key, , is placed in the top-most dictionary (i.e. with and )

HTTP seeds[edit]

BEP-0017^[5] extends BitTorrent to support HTTP seeds.

A new key, , is placed in the top-most list (i.e. with and ). This key's value is a list of web addresses where torrent data can be retrieved:

Private torrents[edit]

BEP-0027^[6] extends BitTorrent to support private torrents.

A new key, , is placed in the dictionary. This key's value is 1 if the torrent is private:

Private torrents are to be used with a tracker; decentalized methods like DHT, PeX, LSD are disabled to maintain the centralized control. A private torrent can be manually edited to remove the private flag, but doing so will change the info-hash, forming a separate "swarm" of peers.

Merkle trees[edit]

BEP-0030^[7] extends BitTorrent to support Merkle trees. The purpose is to reduce the file size of torrent files, which reduces the burden on those that serve torrent files.

A torrent file using Merkle trees does not have a key in the list. Instead, such a torrent file has a key in the list. This key's value is the root hash of the Merkle hash:

Examples[edit]

Single file[edit]

Here is what a de-bencoded torrent file (with 256 KiB = 262,144 bytes) for a file (whose size is 678 301 696 bytes) might look like:

Note: here would be a 51 KiB value ().

Multiple files[edit]

Here is what a de-bencoded torrent file (with 256 KiB = 262144 B) for two files, and , might look like:

See also[edit]

References[edit]

External links[edit]