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Baixar Tails 4.13
The verification techniques that we present (browser extension, BitTorrent, or OpenPGP verification) all rely on some information being securely downloaded using HTTPS from our website:
- The checksum for the Firefox extension
- The Torrent file for BitTorrent
- The Tails signing key for OpenPGP verification
It is possible that you could download malicious information if our website is compromised or if you are a victim of a man-in-the-middle attack.
OpenPGP verification is the only technique that protects you if our website is compromised or if you are a victim of a man-in-the-middle attack. But, for that you need to authenticate the Tails signing key through the OpenPGP Web of Trust.
If you are verifying an image from inside Tails, for example, to do a manual upgrade, then you already have the Tails signing key. You can trust this signing key as much as you already trust your Tails installation since this signing key is included in your Tails installation.
One of the inherent problems of standard HTTPS is that the trust put in a website is defined by certificate authorities: a hierarchical and closed set of companies and governmental institutions approved by your web browser vendor. This model of trust has long been criticized and proved several times to be vulnerable to attacks as explained on our warning page.
We believe that, instead, users should be given the final say when trusting a website, and that designation of trust should be done on the basis of human interactions.
The OpenPGP Web of Trust is a decentralized trust model based on OpenPGP keys that can help with solving this problem. Let's see this with an example:
- You are friends with Alice and you really trust her way of making sure that OpenPGP keys actually belong to their owners.
- Alice met Bob, a Tails developer, in a conference and certified Bob's key as actually belonging to Bob.
- Bob is a Tails developer who directly owns the Tails signing key. So, Bob has certified the Tails signing key as actually belonging to Tails.
In this scenario, you found, through Alice and Bob, a path to trust the Tails signing key without the need to rely on certificate authorities.
If you are on Debian, Ubuntu, or Linux Mint, you can install the package which contains the OpenPGP keys of all Debian developers. Some Debian developers have certified the Tails signing key and you can use these certifications to build a trust path. This technique is explained in detail in our instructions on installing Tails from Debian, Ubuntu, or Linux Mint using the command line.
Relying on the Web of Trust requires both caution and intelligent supervision by the users. The technical details are outside of the scope of this document.
Since the Web of Trust is based on actual human relationships and real-life interactions, it is best to get in touch with people knowledgeable about OpenPGP and build trust relationships in order to find your own trust path to the Tails signing key.
After you build a trust path, you can certify the Tails signing key by signing it with your own key to get rid of some warnings during the verification process.
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